|
| combatant1 = | milstrength1 = Armed Forces of Venezuela | milstrength2 = Military rebels | polstrength1 = dominant political consensus | polstrength2 = Anti-government protesters | commander2 = Hugo Chávez Francisco Arias Cárdenas Luis Reyes Reyes | commander1 = Carlos Andrés Pérez General Fernando Ochoa Antich | casualties3 = 143–300 killed〔Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Venezuela, War and Minor Conflict, In depth, Hugo Chávez and the 1992 coup attempt, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=167®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#〕 and 95 injured.〔 }} The Venezuelan coup attempts of 1992 were attempts to seize control of the government of Venezuela by the Hugo Chávez-led Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200. The first coup attempt took place on February 4, 1992, and was led by Chávez.〔 A second coup attempt on November 27, 1992, took place while Chávez was in prison but was directed by a group of young military officers who were loyal to the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200.〔 The coups were directed against President Carlos Andrés Pérez and occurred in a period marked by neo-liberal economic reforms, which were attempted in order to decrease the country's level of indebtedness and had caused major protests and labour unrest. Despite their failure to depose the government of Carlos Andrés, the February coup attempts brought Chávez into the national spotlight.〔BBC,Thursday, 5 December 2002, 21:30 GMT, Profile: Hugo Chavez, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm〕 Fighting during the coups resulted in the deaths of at least 143 people and perhaps as many as several hundred.〔 ==Background== Venezuela had enjoyed democratic stability since 1958, and also a degree of prosperity. This prosperity was greatly enhanced in the 1970s, when oil prices increased substantially, and Venezuela, a large petroleum exporter, received large revenues, which increased per capita income by about 40%.〔''Statistical Abstract of the United States'', 1971. 1982, and 1994 editions, "Comparative International Statistics"〕 Venezuela experienced modernization and had one of the highest GDP per capita in its history, while also having an exchange rate of 4 bolivares per 1 US dollar.〔 However, in the 1980s, other oil producers (especially Saudi Arabia) raised their production, and oil prices dropped. Venezuela's oil revenues dropped substantially, and per capita income declined by about 25%.〔 This imperiled economic and social stability in general. The government's overspending on programs caused massive levels of debt with poverty, inflation and unemployment rising while income declined.〔 However, the government of Venezuela had continued its spending on social welfare programs and subsidies for commodities and public services at the same levels (also subsidies for favored industries). This resulted in large government deficits, which were funded by foreign borrowing, leading to high and potentially unsustainable foreign debts. Corruption was also widespread with crime increasing yearly, making the Venezuelan public, primarily the poor who especially felt neglected, became outraged.〔 The IMF offered assistance to Venezuela with these debts, but on condition of Venezuela enacting budgetary and fiscal reforms to curtail the deficits. In 1989, President Pérez put these neoliberal policies into effect, reducing social spending and many commodity subsidies, and removing longstanding price controls on many goods. These policies bore heavily on Venezuela's working class and lower class majority. The resultant discontent erupted in the "Caracazo" riots of 27 February 1989.〔BBC, 28 February 2011 Last updated at 00:03 GMT, Victims of Venezuela's Caracazo clashes reburied, By Sarah Grainger, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|